The highest rainfall occurs in the Western half of the country and on high ground, while rainfall decreases to the Northeast. Warming periods occurred in the 1930s and 1940s and from the late 1980s to the present time in line with global trends. A long-term average national temperature series for Ireland, derived using data from five centennial stations, shows that temperatures have varied considerably from year to year. July is the warmest month, followed by August and June the coldest month is January followed closely by February and then December. The highest temperatures occur inland during the summer, with mean seasonal maxima between 18☌ and 20☌ while highest values occur in coastal regions during the Winter. Summer is the warmest season, followed by Autumn, Spring and Winter. Mean annual temperatures generally range between 9☌ and 10☌ with the higher values in coastal regions. Ireland has a mild temperate oceanic climate, due to the controlling influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Many other common animals and plants have, in fact, been introduced by human settlers. The bio-diversity of wildlife is comparatively low due to Ireland's isolation from mainland Europe with many species present on the continent being absent. Ireland’s National Parks are home to some of the most unique and spectacular scenery in the country, while wild bog lands occur in mountain and lowland areas and are among the most distinctive natural habitats in the country. The Shannon, at 340km, is Ireland’s longest river. The island consists of a large central lowland of limestone with a relief of hills and a number of coastal mountains, the highest of which, Carrantuohill, is 1,040m. The greatest length of the island from the north to the south is 486 kilometres and the greatest width, from east to west, is 275 kilometres. Ireland is situated off the north-west coast of the continent of Europe between longitude 5.5° and 10.5° West and latitude 51.5° and 55.5° North and comprises 70,282 square kilometres.
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